Understanding HIV Transmission
HIV is transmitted through specific body fluids, including blood, semen, vaginal fluids, rectal fluids, and breast milk. The virus enters the body through mucous membranes, damaged tissue, or direct bloodstream contact. Everyday contact such as hugging, sharing utensils, or casual conversation does not transmit HIV.
Common Routes of Infection
Most people acquire HIV through unprotected anal or vaginal sex, or by sharing needles and syringes. Transmission can also occur from mother to child during pregnancy, birth, or breastfeeding. Using condoms, taking pre-exposure prophylaxis, and avoiding needle sharing significantly reduce risk.
Prevention and Testing
Regular HIV testing helps people know their status and seek early treatment. Antiretroviral therapy can lower viral load to undetectable levels, effectively preventing sexual transmission. Public health agencies provide confidential counseling, testing sites, and guidance on reducing exposure.
For more information on HIV transmission and prevention, visit the World Health Organization HIV fact sheet.
